Preservation and Conservation of Books

Preservation and Conservation of Books PPRESERVATION AND CONSERVATION OF BOOKS NON – BOOKS IN ASIATIC SOCIETY LIBRARY, MUMBAI: A STUDY Key Words – Library, preservation, conservation. Introduction:- Preservation and conservation of reading resources is central mission of the libraries. Now a days the wind of computerization and digitization blowing everywhere in the world. The libraries are also not behind to them. New emerging technologies such as computer and digitization are the boon For the preservation and conservation of traditional resources. So, I selected the topic on â€Å"preservation and conservation of books and non-books† in the four libraries which are old and situated in Mumbai reason for M. Phil. Degree (Awarded in 2009). But for writing this research paper I have chosen only â€Å"Asiatic society library, fort, Mumbai. Till today many libraries and reading resources destroyed. There are many reasons behind them. Some natural calamities such as fire, flood, climate etc are the factors causes to destroy the libraries. Some times human made attacks on the libraries, wars and biological factors such as micro organisms, white ants like insects etc. tried to destroy the libraries and causes losses of valuable cultural documents of India till . in ancient India Nalanda, Vallabhi, Odantapuri etc. were the excellent knowledge imparted centers. But, some libraries fired by enemy in the war and destroy all the reading resources. So, preservation and conservation is important to save the libraries. History of Asiatic society library : The Asiatic society forms part of the network of institutions created by the British to generate, systematize and disseminate knowledge of India and the Orient a vast body of information learning and knowledge that came to be known as INDOLOGY. The Asiatic Society of Bombay (in 2002 it renamed itself as the Asiatic society of Mumbai) was established in 26th Nov 1804 by a great Savant, Sir James Mackintosh, the recorder of Bombay, with the Objective of â€Å"promoting useful knowledge, particularly connected with India†. The society originally located in government house in Parel (Now there is Hafkin Institute) . In 1931 it moved into the north wings of the newly constructed Town Hall. At that time expenditure of Town Hall building was Rs. 6,56,669/- . (Gurav, anant,p-19) Scope and limitations of the study Every research has some scope and limitations. Title for M. Phil Thesis is â€Å"Preservation and conservation of books and non-books material in old libraries of Mumbai region : A study†. It means the scope and limitations of my study was only four libraries of Mumbai region (awarded in 2009- YCMOU Nasik.) . name of these libraries are as follows. Asiatic Society library, Town Hall, Mumbai (Established-1804) State Central library, Town Hall, Mumbai (1947) Dadar Sarvajanik Vachanalaya, Dadar (1907) S. V. Phatak Granthasangrahalay, Parle (1925) Out of these four libraries in this research paper I want to focus on Asiatic society Library, Mumbai only. Objective of the study. Keeping of reading resources in good condition is very responsible and difficult task. Every library do something to preserve and conserve their resources. Different methods going to uses by different libraries. So, I have to curiosity to know how these libraries preserves reading materials . accordingly my objectives of the study are as follows. 1) To study the present position of preservation and conservation of the book and non books material. 2) To study the factors which causes decaying of reading resources. 3) To study the preservation and conservation of old and rare books. 4) To study of the preservation and conservation and suggest resolution. Hypothesis : following are the hypothesis of research. The selected library is imparting knowledge continuously for many years Library has manuscripts, rare books which are preserved and conserved in good condition. So many readers, researchers and institutions taking benefits of this library. Library is doing a good job for society and helps to make the nation strong. Research Methods : There are different methods of the research. I have used descriptive and historical research methods for this study. Data collection Methods : Data collection is basic and important activity of every research. For data collection I used 1) Questionnaire, 2) Interview, 3) Observation. Method Need of the Study : Traditionally library collection contain a wide range of organic materials including paper, cloth, animal skins and adhesives. Such organic substances undergo a continual and inevitable natural ageing process. Mumbai is the capital of Maharashtra and economic capital of country. Mumbai is metropolitan city. The atmosphere of Mumbai region is hot and humid. Such atmosphere is favorable to create and grow germs, cockroaches, book worms, white-ants that causes decaying and damaging pages of the books. Now the area where Asiatic society library situated is surrounded by newly built skyscrapers. It is important business area with many banks and offices with hustle and bustle of traffic which creates full of dust particles. Such type of atmosphere is harmful to traditional as well as newly book resources. So, I decided to study the libraries which are situated in metropolitan city like Mumbai. Libraries are worked like genes. Genes transfer the human characters from one generation to next generation. Likewise libraries transfer information or knowledge from one generation to next generation with the help of reading resources like books and non book materials. It’s a need of time to save the reading resources and libraries. Data Analysis : Question no 1, 2 and 3 are related to the general information of the library. The Q. No. 4 asked information about forms and types of reading resources available in the library. Received data are shoe in the following table follows. The table No. 1: Forms and Number of Reading Resources. Bar Chart Shows forms and No. of Available Resources in the Library. The Intention of Question no .6 is to find out total sections of the library and have there a separate section for preservation and conservation. The find out comes as following. Table No.2 : Sections of Library Question No. 7 was asked about readers of the library. In the Asiatic society library every day 25 members visited to the library and 2500 are lifetime members. members of library are students, teachers and some institutions also. Question No. 9 was about the personnel’s of the library. In this library there are following personnel recruited on different posts in the library. Table No. 3 : personnel When observation of above table of personnel found that there are separate skilled and qualified personnel are recruited in preservation, conservation and binding section. Question No. 11 is asked on preservation and conservation policy of the library. For more information I also taken separate interview of preservation, conservation and binding sections personnel. What I got information is very important and very few libraries follow such policy. The received data are as follows. Library has three sections such as preservation, conservation and book binding. Every section has its separate function. Preservation section is established in 1995. Under this section old, rare, damaged books and manuals are converted in to microform and preserved. 5-6 palm leaves are also preserved in microform. Conservation section : tissuing process Conservation section of this library is established in 1991. Under this section the books which are damaged by acidity and tearing the pages of the books, such books they processed with tissuing method and increase the life of the books. In tissuing process there are three steps which are described as follows. Fumigation : this is the 1st step in tissuing process. in fumigation process all the books (which are selected for tissuing) are make insect free / microorganism free by keeping books in fumigation (fumes of insecticides like Thymol) chamber. After fumigation books putout and separated its pages and clean all these pages with soft brush. These cleaned pages forward to ‘Deacidification’ process. Deacidification : this is the 2nd step of tissuing. In this process set of 2-3 fumigated pages ties with wire mesh. This wire mesh with tied pages pours into 10 liter water for half an hour. After then these pages pour into alkaline liquid (Calcium hydroxide) for half an hour. In this process eradicate the complete acidity of the pages. Lastly these acid free pages wash in normal water and dried naturally. These dried pages used for tissuing process. Tissuing : this is the 3rd and last step of tissuing process. Tissuing process is like lamination process. In this process Japanese tissue paper is mostly used. Tissue paper is special and very thin transparent paper. This tissue paper called as â€Å"lanced tissue paper† it is acid free paper. In this process acid free (2nd step) pages put on wax paper and the paste spread over it by the brush. Then take large tissue paper paste both side of the page of book and excess tissue paper cut equal with page size and lastly this tissued pages sent to binding section for binding. In this way personnel of conservation section told that with the help of tissuing process increase the life of books for hundred years. Binding Section: Binding section of this library is oldest section. In this section continuous binding work is going on . they bind of old books, new arrival books, news papers (2) and atlases. Every year Average1800 books bind by this section. This section used self made paste for binding and it is insecticide. It means binding section of this library is also very alert in preservation and conservation of library resources. Question No.16 was asked about enemies of reading resources. Accordingly in this library the readers, mouse, cockroaches, white ants, silverfishes, dust and rain water which comes from window these are the factors which damage or destroy the library resources. They also mention that to protect the books from dust we uses vacuum cleaner. Question No. 19 asked to take the information about preservation and conservation of non books. They replied that we keep maps and atlases in flat position (without folding) in cabinet and sometimes if required bind it. They bind two news papers such as times of india and national herald tributes. For security of microfilm they keep all the microfilm in 3-4 degree centigrade temperature. Question No.21 was asked to about protection of library from fire like calamity. The Asiatic society library has facility of fire extinguisher to control the fire like calamity and they also the facility of fog extinguisher to protect library fog like calamity. Conclusion : Considering the received data, hypothesis and objective of the study the conclusions are as follows. The Asiatic Society library is the old library and provides the best services to its members since 1804. Library has available books and non-books material which keeps in good condition. Found separate Preservation, conservation and binding section of the library and played very vital roles in increasing the life of reading resources. Some rare books , manuscripts and palm leaves are converted in microfilm form and saved. Found Facility of fire extinguisher and fog extinguisher from the security of fire and fog. To protect the reading resources from dust there is a facility of vacuum cleaner. In this way Asiatic society library’s work in field of preservation and conservation is definitely valuable in the field of library and information science. REFERANCES: 1) Chaudhary, S. K. : Library Preservation and conservation, APH pub. Corporation, New Delhi, 2011 2) Anant Gurav : Vishwa Granthalayache, Aarati prakashan, dombivali, 1998. 3) Joshi Laxmanshastri : Marathi Vishwakosh (vol 5 13), Maharashtra Rajya Sahity Sanskrari Mandal, 1977 1987. 4) Annual Report of The Asiatic Society of Mumbai and The Library of the Asiatic Society of Mumbai, 2006-07. Pamphlet of Asiatic society library. 5) Mukharjee, B. B. : Preservations of Library Materials, Archives and documents, the world press pvt. Ltd., Calcutta. 1

Three Sociological Perspectives :: Sociology Functionalist Conflict Interactionist

Three Sociological Perspectives This paper discusses three approaches that can be taken when studying Sociology. There are many subjects to be studied and discussed in the field of Sociology, and the approach chosen to study a particular subject is called a perspective. There are three different perspectives, and they are functionalist, conflict, and interactionist perspectives. This paper compares and contrasts these different perspectives with one another. When studying in the field of Sociology everyone is going to approach topics in a different manner. No two people are going to have the exact same view on a particular subject. There are however, three major categories in which people might choose to approach topics. The approaches are know as sociological perspectives and are the functionalist, conflict, and interactionist perspectives. These perspectives name different ways in which different people choose to analyze a subject, and how they look at a society as a whole. The following paragraphs compare and contrast the three, and identify major characteristics of each. Functionalist Perspective Definition "The functionalist perspective is a sociological approach which emphasizes the way that parts of a society are structure to maintain its stability,"(Schaefer & Lamm, 1998). This perspective looks at a society in a positive manner and sees it as stable, with all the parts working together. Under the functionalist view every social aspect of a society contributes to the society's survival, and if not, the aspect is not passed to the next generation. Founders There are two people who where mainly involved in the development of the functionalist perspective, they are Emile Durkheim, Talcott Parsons. Durkheim contributed to the functionalist perspective when she was studying religion, and how it was responsible for people feeling solidarity and unity in groups. Parsons was a sociologist from Harvard University who was greatly influenced by Durkheim. In return, he influenced Sociology by dominating the field, with his functionalist views, for four decades (Schaefer & Lamm, 1998). Characteristics When approaching a subject with the functionalist perspective, manifest and latent functions as well as dysfunctions are looked at and studied. A manifest function of an institution is one that is stated and expected. A latent function is one that is unexpected or can show a hidden purpose of an institution, and a dysfunction is a component of a society that can cause instability (Rothman, 1998). These functions and dysfunctions are use in analyzing a society.

Conservative vs. Liberal

Conservative vs. Liberal Dimitri Khago PSY/201 Sunday, August 05, 2012 Mariah Degruy Conservatives vs. Liberals Not just as Americans but as human beings we all want the same basic things in our daily lives. We all seek freedom and yearn for prosperity. We all seek for what is fair in life and not just our lives separately, but the lives of our nation’s people. We want less people to suffer as much as possible, especially our children. We all seek the best for our health being. We all want a crime free nation and crime free streets in our communities.We all want a freedom to speak and voice our opinions; yet the one major key argument is how do we achieve all of these? With all that has been going on in our nation’s economy, we begin to analyze one of the very most important, yet controversial political issue that we are facing: Liberal or Conservative? Although we are united as a whole nation, but when concerning our nation’s political policies we are very much divided. Each of us has our own beliefs and our own opinion, but the beauty of this is that this is what makes this country.This belief was instilled in our bloods from the day this great nation was formed, by our political forefathers up until now. We sometimes call these beliefs Left or Right based on the political spectrum. The political spectrum We have learned to become conservative toward the nation, our nation’s people and our nation’s policies, as well as we have learned to become liberal toward the nation, our people and our nation’s policies. Which is right you might ask, that all depends on every individuals different view and opinion to do what is right and best for them?Conservatives and Liberals differ on what they believe is correct for the government. They seek different essential needs, different government program support, different social views, and very different economic views. As humans we all seek the same basic needs to live. These needs are Life, Liberty, and Pursuit of happiness a well-known phrase from the United States Declaration of Independence. We all have the right to lead our own life in which we so choose. We all have the right to have our belief and make our own decisions and stand to our own judgments.The most important matter is that we have the right to do whatever it takes to make ourselves feel happy without harming anyone one stepping over the boundaries of others. In order to protect our individual human rights the bill of rights were established. These laws which allow the people the ability to live by these deserved rights as a human being are what distinguish us from a free person and one who is not free. If one is convicted of a felony these particular laws spoken of are no longer valid to them – the right to vote, the right to serve on a jury, and the right to bear arms are all void.Although some states are adjusting these laws to their own liking, you as a criminal are no longer privil eged to take part in these opportunities because of the crime committed, they are therefore taken away from you â€Å"†¦Other states may permanently ban felons from voting even after being released from prison, parole, and probation, and having paid all their fines. †(State Felon Voting Laws). There are many programs in which our government runs, and many of these programs are the split between the conservative or the liberal side.Liberals seem to view their government better as a larger government and support those programs which make this a reality. These include many programs, but one in particular is welfare. In the eyes of a liberal, this program is looked very highly upon. It helps those in need the ability to stand on their feet and not be out on the street. Although ideally this is a great help, but nowadays in our country, many people seem to take advantage of this opportunity and cheating the rest of society who need this help.With the educational program, a li beral supports not only public schools and a higher teacher salary, but also smaller classroom for the students. They support the idea that the classrooms should not be thirty-plus children, but also smaller more controlled environment† Vouchers take money away from public schools. † (Conservative vs. Liberal Beliefs. ). Now if you were to ask a conservative about education, they believe in the art of competition â€Å"School vouchers create competition and therefore encourage schools to improve performance. (Conservative vs. Liberal Beliefs. ). Schools should be all private so that they compete with lower costs and the parents have the opportunity to decide where they want their child to attend, and what kind of education they want for their child. Another program a conservative strongly believes in is canceling all the failed social support programs. Why should a country hold on to a program that is not helping anyone that is in need of the assistance, but financially supporting those well off, and are working and supporting their own families.Although being in the twenty-first century has expanded our view upon socialistic views, conservatives feel that we should not change our ruling on marriage and that it must stay traditional between a man and a woman. Since America was founded on grounds of religious freedom, and the Bible was and is our most highly looked upon views, conservatives feel that we shall stick to these traditional views and not support the idea of abortion or embryonic stem cell research.One must not abort a child, since that is the same as murder â€Å"Abortion is the murder of a human being. † (Conservative vs. Liberal Beliefs. ). One must also not participate in stem cell research since that too is destroying a life. This is where the argument comes in on the Liberal side. Liberals believe it is not up to us to decide if marriage shall stay between a man and a woman, what is so wrong with a man and man marrying or a woman and woman?Since this country was found on the principles of freedom and the rights to make our own decisions, the personal lives of Americans shall not be dictated by the government because of what they think is right. It has not yet been proven that a fetus inside a woman is a child or a fetus. The argument remains that a child is only a child when it takes its first breath, or that a child is a child when it is conceived. Shouldn’t the mother decide if she wants to give birth to this fetus?She will be bearing all the pain, so it should be her right to decide â€Å"A woman has the right to decide what happens with her body. A fetus is not a human life, so it does not have separate individual rights. † (Conservative vs. Liberal Beliefs. ). Now if you can save a life wouldn’t you? If you aren’t hurting anyone or anything with embryonic stem cell research, then scientist should be able to harvest these stem cells to help a life â€Å"†¦Stem cell s derived from embryos in the very earliest stages of development; these cells have long been thought by scientists to have an xtraordinary potential for alleviating the suffering caused by conditions ranging from diabetes to Alzheimer's disease to spinal cord injury. † (Gold). Money is what runs the country, one thing these two political stances have in common are the want and need for more jobs. A conservative wants the federal government not to tax the rich as high and should spend so much less. These big businesses should get the tax breaks they want and deserve to increase and generate their revenue, so that they can stimulate and keep the economy stable and grow to be much stronger.Liberal’s on the other hand believe in quite opposite of the conservative behalf they believe that the rich should be taxed more than the poor since they can afford to pay a little extra money in order to have a greater government â€Å"The less government we have, the more liberty we have. † (Amy). They also approach with saying that these big businesses should be taxed more and pay a larger amount of income tax from their profits to help support and provide for Medi-Cal, Medic-Aid, and Welfare.In conclusion regardless on which of side of the political spectrum you stand with; either you are a conservative or a liberal, at the end you center all your opinions to your own political beliefs based on your own personal ethics. With all that has been going on in our nation’s economy, we begin to analyze one of the very most important, yet controversial political issue that we are facing: Liberal or Conservative? You must decide on your own what you feel the essential needs are, government program support, social support, or the economic support you feel your country shall provide you with.References Conservative vs. Liberal Beliefs. (2005). Retrieved from http://www. studentnewsdaily. com/conservative-vs-liberal-beliefs/ State Felon Voting Laws. (2012). Retrieved from http://felonvoting. procon. org/view. resource. php? resourceID=286 Amy, D. J. (2007). A Guide to Rebutting Right-Wing Criticisms of Government. Retrieved from http://www. governmentisgood. com/feature. php? fid=14 Gold, R. B. (2004). Embryonic Stem Cell Researchaâ‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬ Old Controversy; New Debate. Retrieved from http://www. guttmacher. org/pubs/tgr/07/4/gr070404. html

Tragic Heroes in Greek Myth - 2055 Words

Tragic Greek dramas featured tragic heroes, mortals who suffered incredible †¨losses as a result of an inescapable fate or bad decisions. According to Aristotle, a tragic hero is a character, usually of high birth, which is pre-eminently great, meaning they are not perfect, and whose downfall is brought about†¨ by a tragic weakness or error in judgment. The three Greek heroes Oedipus, Medea and Agamemnon, who each killed a member of their family, carry most of the qualities that make up a tragic hero: being of noble birth, being surrounded by an extraordinary circumstance, and gaining self-awareness or some kind of knowledge through their downfall. There is an important need for the audience to identify with the Aristotelian hero through†¦show more content†¦Euripides also carefully reveals the elements of Medeas past that demonstrate her readiness to violate solidarity of family ties in order to pursue her intractable will; Jason and Medeas original tryst, for exa mple, required that she kill her own brother, thus choosing marriage ties over blood ties. Secondly, Medeas selfishness provides power to her fatal flaw. Medeas selfishness and lack of humanity is displayed through the act of killing her own two sons. Medea understands that the slaying of her children will make Jason miserable. During this time, the chorus recognizes her self-worship and states, â€Å"But can you have the heart to kill your flesh and blood† (Euripides, The Medea, 816)? Medea does not stop to think what pain she may cause to herself by murdering them. She is only concerned about her happiness that will be derived from Jasons grieving. Medea comes to the conclusion that it is worth the suffering just to see her ex-husband unhappy. Medea states, â€Å"Yes, for this is the best way to wound my husband† (Euripides, The Medea, 817). This exhibits Medeas selfishness by the slaying of her sons just to cause sorrow to Jason for her own pleasure. Medeas rage als o leads to her fatal flaw of excessive passion. Her excessive passion, fed by rage, leads Medea to do uncalled-for acts of violence and murder. In the opening stages of the Agamemnon the chorus describes Agamemnon as a great and courageous warrior, one whoShow MoreRelatedGreek Mythology : Greek And Roman Mythology885 Words   |  4 PagesMyths symbolize human experience and embody the spiritual values of a culture. (Rosenberg) With Greek and Roman Mythology we learn or are introduced to the idea of how the universe is formed, we learn about love and of course we learn about tragedy. Greek and Roman mythology has a strong influence on our culture today. 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Both the plays are set in a time whenRead MoreOdysseus as a Tragic Hero2449 Words   |  10 PagesNearly every story in Greek mythology revolves around a character with a certain outstanding attribute, be it strength, intellect, or even musical talent. Heroes such as this might spend their lives questing for kleos, or the myth might simply be a tale in which the hero was trying to accomplish a certain task, such as returning home or rescuing a lover from Hades. In every case, these heroic tales would always end with tragedy; the hero would be killed by a jealous lover, go mad, or have a lovedRead More Oedipus the King: A Tragic Hero Essay2117 Words   |  9 Pagesher, to experience devastating losses. While tragic instances can be avoided, there are other instances where one’s fate and future is out of the protagonist’s control. 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